ETHICS OF A PROPER RESEARCHER: (SCIENTIFIC)
S – scientific objective always (good faith)
C – consent
I – integrity
E – equitable (appropriate acknowledgments) liable for
N – noble – Respect 3 basic rights of research sample
T – truthfulness
I – importance of topic to nursing profession
C – courage to look for data.
Legal owner of chart: Hospital
Legal owner of data in the chart: Patient
Plagiarism – illegal replication: no consent & acknowledge
3 rights of sample/ pt
1.) Right not to be harmed
2.) Right to self determination – get consent & right to withdraw consent
3.) Right to privacy
a.) anonymity – privacy of identity of informant
b.) confidentiality – name given but privacy of info/ data
Harm that can happen to sample/pt
1.) right from physical , mental & moral harm
2.) Right to self determination
Negligence
1.) Commission – unacceptable in standard of practice
2.) Owrission – didn’t do anything. No intervention done.
Mental Harm:
1.) Assault – threatened. Mental fear
2.) Assault & Battery – with mental fear & physical harm
3.) Battery – with physical harm.
Moral harm –
Slander –
Oral defamation –
Libel
Restraint – dependent with doctors order
- physical – vest or jacket
- chemical – valium
A study in the difference in the financial income of Filipinos working in NYC & QC (comparative & basic)
Variables – anything that is subject t change on manipulation.
1.) Independent variable – target population IV – stimulus intervention
2.) Dependent variable – response DV – response measured
Independent variable (stimulus) Place of work | Target Population (Organism) Filipino RNs Reviewers | Dependent Variable (Response) Financial income early review Jan |
Pavlov Theory
(SOR) Stimulus Organism Response
Intervening variables comes between independent & dependent
ex. Organismic variable internal factors age, sex, gender, color.
Extraneous variable – ext influences can be changed
Allure, citizenship, educational status
Dichotomus variable – 2 choices/ results
Ex. Male or Female
Polychotmus – multiple choices/ multi variables
Preferred food – Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, American
Research
1.) Identity Problem
2.) Purpose – objective (SMART)
3.) Define terms
4.) Revision of terms
S – smart
M – measurable
A – attainable
R – realistic
T – time bound (limit)
Conceptual definition – dictionary meaning
Operational definition – based on use of research char of problem
Toxic – conceptual – waste products
Operational – very busy day for RNs
Review of related literature
Purpose: for proper formulation of conceptual & theoretical framework.
Theory – relationship bet concepts
Conceptual framework. Illustration showing relationship between variables
Paradigm- diagrammatic presentation / illustration of conceptual framework.
Source of review literature
1. Conceptual Sources – authors & conceptualists ( DOH book, Lippincott, Mosbys)
- for general use, can be sold.
2. Research sources – researchers cant be sold.
Types of Hypothesis:
1. NULL hypothesis (-) no relationship, no difference bet 1 variable to another
ex. There’s no diff regarding prof Opportunities in US & RP
2. Alterative, simple or operational hypothesis – (+) show a relationship bet 1 variable to another
ex. Filipino RNs has more prof opportunities un US
3. complex hypothesis – shows a relationship bet 2 or more variables to another.
Ex. Filipino RNs who worked for 5 yrs & passing all CG tests have opportunities to acquire starting salaries, insurance.
4. Directional Hypothesis – specifies the direction of relationship bet variables
Ex. Filipino RNs working in USA have more prof opportunities than those in Phil
5. Non directional Hypothesis – no specific direction
There is a big difference between all Filipino RNs working in the USA
5 Choosing appropriate design:
- skeletal framework of research
Research Design:
According to application or motive
According to approach
According to data
Method used applicable to quantitative research: survey
Case study – focus 1 patient only or 1 family
NON experimental
1.) Observe sample subject, Research has
2.) Massive participation
3.) Describe & record
4.) Natural setting – where pop exists
Experimental:
1.) Active manipulation – treatment or intervention done
2.) Active participation to sample pop
3.) Controlled setting – lab research units
Types of non experimental res design.
1. Historical research design – happened in the past
- collect written, published, circulated or archived
- pt’s chart
ex. Health practices during Crimean War
2. Expost Facto (after facts) (Retrospective)
- Antecedent facts happened
Study a group of people who have naturally experienced a particular phenomena related to a problem & has something to do with present study
- Interview only, no manipulation! Subject is related to present problem.
3. Prospective – focus; future time to look for a data existing subject with future happening
Focus: weekend review in pentagon Result: of board exam this coming June
Present future
4. Descriptive – no intervention but merely observe & collect data.
Ex. Study on absentism in St Lukes
Study on environmental pollution in Quezon
Types:
a.) comparative study – similarity & difference of variables
ex. Environmental pollution between variables
b.) Correlatonal – relationship between variables
ex. Environmental pollution & increased TB cases
c.) Evaluative – effects/ results
ex. Effects of environmental pollution
d.) Survey type – data collection based on majority result
Types or survey research
1.) groups – small group
2.) Face to face method
- can get response/ feed back right away
b.) Mailed survey method
Problem; data collection
3.) Time orientation
Cross sectional & longitudinal – extend period of time.
2 or more # of groups – 1 core group/ long term study
unidentical groups - purpose: dev’t/ study
- purpose: comparison - initial & fallow up survey
- short term study # of time
Steps in experimental type of research design
1. controlled stage – discipline/ direction
a controlled group – will not be subjective
experimental – group will be manipulated
2. Randominization – choose your sample by chance
3. Manipulation - intervention
4. Measurements of effect – determine the result
Quasi experimental- when you lack in steps in experimental
Pop – group where you get your sample
Types of sampling
1.) Probability – choose sample by chance
Types of probability Incidental sampling – these present in coffee shop
a.) Simple random sampling – equal chance/ opportunity to be chosen
- done if identical or equal footing
b.) Stratified random sampling – create subdivided population (divide into 4 levels in school) or substrata before doing randominization
c.) Cluster random sampling – create sub areas MNL hospitals – UST – 3rd floor
d.) Systematic random sampling – sampling frame
3,000 HIV patients in Phil – write list of names appearing in pop uses multiple number in choosing.
2. Non probability sampling – not by chance
- with pre-selected group, with braised group, favoritism
a.) Accidental or convenience sampling.
Criteria – immediate availability/ accessibility of sample.
b.) Purposive/ judgmental sampling.
- based on personal knowledge/ info
ex. Research on prostitution
I know location of prostitution – Ermita
Prostitution also in Pasay & Makati
I will not choose Pasay & Makati only
Ermita because I have personal info
c.) Snowball sampling – based on last referral
d.) Quota sampling – setting a certain criteria, with favoritism will choose only who he likes.
Collection of Data Base:
- time & budget consuming – 70 –80% time
Methods of collection of data
1.) Questionnaire – source of collection f data
- pen & paper type of data
3 Major type of Q
a.) Dichotomasis – (2) – answerable by T/F, Y/N, right or wrong
b.) Checklist style – rating scale 1,2,3,4,5 poor, fair, average. . .
c.) Multiple choice – a) man b) dog c) cat d) all of the above
2.) Records – easiest – get pre existing data – journals, essays, documents, newspapers
3.) Interviewer – use oral communication
1.) Structured – with checklist formal
2.) Non structured – anything goes answer open ended questions.
The sample will expand on topic researcher will illicit answers their ACTIVE LISTENING.
4.) observation – ocular approach
a.) Participant – journey
b.) Non-participant – passive observer but uses tools to determine results of data.
2 main problems in colleting data
1. Hawthorne’s effect – problem in experimental design inaccurate due to consciously being observed (PAASCU accreditation – management keeps school clean before PAASCUA comes to school.
2. Halo Effect – special relationship inaccurate due bias
- solution of researcher to avoid halo effect do double blind res method
Double blind research – no bias or prejudice on treatment blind folded
- gives accuracy due not conscious & biased
Analysis & Later pultation of data phase
- research is forming a body of knowledge for the purpose providing an answer
2 Methods in presenting your analysis
1.) Quantitative – using numerical or graphical presentation of answer
ex. 50% of q 500 Filipinos becomes 75% richer
- or use pie chart, bar graph, line graph
2.) Qualitative – narrative approach using words (text) & facts
ex. Majority of all graduating students prefer to nursing course than PT
