ETHICS OF A PROPER RESEARCHER: (SCIENTIFIC)

ETHICS OF A PROPER RESEARCHER: (SCIENTIFIC)

S – scientific objective always (good faith)

C – consent

I – integrity

E – equitable (appropriate acknowledgments) liable for

N – noble – Respect 3 basic rights of research sample

T – truthfulness

I – importance of topic to nursing profession

C – courage to look for data.

Legal owner of chart: Hospital

Legal owner of data in the chart: Patient

Plagiarism – illegal replication: no consent & acknowledge

3 rights of sample/ pt

1.)     Right not to be harmed

2.)     Right to self determination – get consent & right to withdraw consent

3.)     Right to privacy

a.)     anonymity – privacy of identity of informant

b.)     confidentiality – name given but privacy of info/ data

Harm that can happen to sample/pt

1.)     right from physical , mental & moral harm

2.)     Right to self determination

Negligence

1.)     Commission – unacceptable in standard of practice

2.)     Owrission – didn’t do anything. No intervention done.

Mental Harm:

1.)     Assault – threatened. Mental fear

2.)     Assault & Battery – with mental fear & physical harm

3.)     Battery – with physical harm.

Moral harm –

Slander –

Oral defamation –

Libel

Restraint – dependent with doctors order

-          physical – vest or jacket

-          chemical – valium

A study in the difference in the financial income of Filipinos working in NYC & QC (comparative & basic)

Variables – anything that is subject t change on manipulation.

1.)     Independent variable – target population      IV – stimulus intervention

2.)     Dependent variable – response                         DV – response measured

Independent variable (stimulus) Place of work

Target Population (Organism) Filipino RNs Reviewers

Dependent Variable (Response) Financial income early review Jan

Pavlov Theory

(SOR) Stimulus Organism Response

Intervening variables comes between independent & dependent

ex. Organismic variable internal factors age, sex, gender, color.

Extraneous variable – ext influences can be changed

Allure, citizenship, educational status

Dichotomus variable – 2 choices/ results

Ex. Male or Female

Polychotmus – multiple choices/ multi variables

Preferred food – Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, American

Research

1.)     Identity Problem

2.)     Purpose – objective (SMART)

3.)     Define terms

4.)     Revision of terms

S – smart

M – measurable

A – attainable

R – realistic

T – time bound (limit)

Conceptual definition – dictionary meaning

Operational definition – based on use of research char of problem

Toxic – conceptual – waste products

                Operational – very busy day for RNs

Review of related literature

Purpose: for proper formulation of conceptual & theoretical framework.

Theory – relationship bet concepts

Conceptual framework. Illustration showing relationship between variables

Paradigm- diagrammatic presentation / illustration of conceptual framework.

Source of review literature

1.       Conceptual Sources – authors & conceptualists ( DOH book, Lippincott, Mosbys)

-          for general use, can be sold.

       2.    Research sources – researchers cant be sold.

Types of Hypothesis:

1. NULL hypothesis (-) no relationship, no difference bet 1 variable to another

ex. There’s no diff regarding prof Opportunities in US & RP

2. Alterative, simple or operational hypothesis – (+) show a relationship bet 1 variable to another

ex. Filipino RNs has more prof opportunities un US

3. complex hypothesis – shows a relationship bet 2 or more variables to another.

Ex. Filipino RNs who worked for 5 yrs & passing all CG tests have opportunities to acquire starting salaries, insurance.

4. Directional Hypothesis – specifies the direction of relationship bet variables

Ex. Filipino RNs working in USA have more prof opportunities than those in Phil

5. Non directional Hypothesis – no specific direction

There is a  big difference between all Filipino RNs  working in the USA

5 Choosing appropriate design:

- skeletal framework of research

Research Design:

According to application or motive

According to approach

According to data

Method used applicable to quantitative research: survey

Case study – focus 1 patient only or 1 family

     

NON experimental

1.)     Observe sample subject, Research has

2.)     Massive participation

3.)     Describe & record

4.)     Natural setting – where pop exists

Experimental:

1.)     Active manipulation – treatment or intervention done

2.)     Active participation to sample pop

3.)     Controlled setting – lab research units

Types of non experimental res design.

1. Historical research design – happened in the past

-          collect written, published, circulated or archived

-          pt’s chart

ex. Health practices during Crimean War

2. Expost Facto  (after facts) (Retrospective)

-          Antecedent  facts happened

Study a group of people who have naturally experienced a particular phenomena related to a problem & has something to do with present study

-          Interview only, no manipulation! Subject is related to present problem.

3. Prospective – focus; future time to look for a  data existing subject with future happening

Focus: weekend review in pentagon                                Result: of board exam this coming June

                                Present                                                                                   future

4. Descriptive – no intervention but merely observe & collect data.

Ex. Study on absentism in St Lukes

                  Study on environmental pollution in Quezon

Types:

a.) comparative study – similarity & difference of variables

ex. Environmental pollution between variables

b.) Correlatonal – relationship between variables

ex. Environmental pollution & increased TB cases

c.) Evaluative – effects/ results

ex. Effects of environmental pollution

d.) Survey type – data collection based on majority result

Types or survey research

1.)     groups – small group

2.)     Face to face method

       - can get response/ feed back right away

       b.) Mailed survey method

       Problem; data collection

3.)     Time orientation

Cross sectional & longitudinal – extend period of time.

2 or more               # of groups – 1 core group/ long term study

unidentical groups                               - purpose: dev’t/ study

- purpose: comparison                        - initial & fallow up survey

- short term study                                # of time

Steps in experimental type of research design

1. controlled stage – discipline/ direction

    a controlled group – will not be subjective

    experimental – group will be manipulated

2. Randominization – choose your sample by chance

3. Manipulation - intervention

4. Measurements of effect – determine the result

Quasi experimental- when you lack in steps in experimental

Pop – group where you get your sample

Types of sampling

1.) Probability – choose sample by chance

Types of probability           Incidental sampling – these present in coffee shop

a.) Simple random sampling – equal chance/ opportunity to be chosen

- done if identical or equal footing

b.) Stratified random sampling – create subdivided population (divide into 4 levels  in school) or substrata before doing randominization

c.) Cluster random sampling – create sub areas MNL hospitals – UST – 3^rd floor

d.) Systematic random sampling – sampling frame

3,000 HIV patients in Phil – write list of names appearing in pop uses multiple number in choosing.

2. Non probability sampling – not by chance

- with pre-selected group, with braised group, favoritism

a.) Accidental or convenience sampling.

    Criteria – immediate availability/ accessibility of sample.

b.) Purposive/ judgmental sampling.

   - based on personal knowledge/ info

     ex. Research on prostitution

     I know location of prostitution – Ermita

     Prostitution also in Pasay & Makati

     I will not choose Pasay & Makati only

    Ermita because I have personal info

c.) Snowball sampling – based on last referral

d.) Quota sampling – setting a certain criteria, with favoritism will choose only who he likes.

Collection of Data Base:

- time & budget consuming – 70 –80% time

Methods of collection of data

1.) Questionnaire – source of collection f data

- pen & paper type of data

3 Major type of  Q

a.)     Dichotomasis – (2) – answerable by T/F, Y/N, right or wrong

b.)     Checklist style – rating scale 1,2,3,4,5 poor, fair, average. . .

c.)      Multiple choice – a) man b) dog c) cat d) all of the above

2.) Records – easiest – get pre existing data – journals, essays, documents, newspapers

3.) Interviewer – use oral communication

1.)     Structured – with checklist formal

2.)     Non structured – anything goes answer open ended questions.

The sample will expand on topic researcher will illicit answers their ACTIVE LISTENING.

4.) observation – ocular approach

a.)     Participant – journey

b.)     Non-participant – passive observer but uses tools to determine results of data.

2 main problems in colleting data

1.       Hawthorne’s effect – problem in experimental design inaccurate due to consciously being observed (PAASCU accreditation – management keeps school clean before PAASCUA comes to school.

2.       Halo Effect – special relationship inaccurate due bias

- solution of researcher to avoid halo effect do double blind res method

Double blind research – no bias or prejudice on treatment blind folded

- gives accuracy due not conscious & biased

Analysis & Later pultation of data phase

- research is forming a body of knowledge for the purpose providing an answer

2 Methods in presenting your analysis

1.) Quantitative – using numerical or graphical presentation of answer

     ex. 50% of q 500 Filipinos becomes 75% richer

-          or use pie chart, bar graph, line graph

2.) Qualitative – narrative approach using words (text) & facts

     ex. Majority of all graduating students prefer to nursing course than PT